Data sources
These are the sources behind every number in the calculator. Where we had to make an assumption, it is labeled as our estimate on the methodology page and checked against these sources.
Labor: U.S. government data
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025: hourly wages (25th percentile, median, 75th percentile) for glaziers (47-2121), carpenters (47-2031) and construction laborers (47-2061) in all 50 states, DC and 390 metro areas.
- U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 ZCTA-to-county relationship file: matches each ZIP code to the county covering most of its land area.
- U.S. Census Bureau / OMB, July 2023 metropolitan area delineation: matches counties to metro areas, using the same metro codes as the BLS wage data.
Window prices and installed-cost benchmarks
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025 state estimates
- Pella: Replacement Window Cost by Material (2026): Installed per window: vinyl $800-$1,600; fiberglass $1,100-$2,200; wood $1,100-$2,200+.
- Best Company: How Much Do Pella Windows Cost?: Pella 250 Series (vinyl) $250-$600 per window.
- Bob Vila: Window Replacement Cost Guide: Fiberglass frames run about 15-30% more than vinyl.
- Fixr: Window Replacement Cost (2026): Average $800 per window, typical $450-$1,200; double-hung $300-$1,000; casement $400-$1,200; egress $300-$1,500.
- Fixr: Window Installation Cost, a Detailed Breakdown: 2026 survey $517 per window; Renewal by Andersen $1,800-$3,500 per window.
- This Old House: How Much Does a Bay Window Cost? (2026): Average $3,612; range $1,038-$7,911; bow window unit $1,600-$4,800.
- This Old House: Casement Window Cost
- This Old House: Wood Replacement Windows Cost: Prefab unit: small $300-$500, average $400-$600, large $500-$900.
- Ecoline Windows: Window Prices (2026)
- Homedit: Replacement Window Cost: Standard installation labor $100-$300 per window.
- EPA Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule
Tax credits
- IRS: Energy credit FAQs: the Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit (25C), which covered windows, is not allowed for property placed in service after December 31, 2025.
How often we update
We review window prices every quarter and update wages when BLS publishes new figures (each spring). The data version in use is 2026-11-14. If you spot a number that doesn't match your quotes, tell us through the contact page.